Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA): A Comprehensive Overview

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a strong, corrosive organic acid with wide-ranging applications in biochemistry, medicine, cosmetics, and chemical synthesis. Its powerful protein-denaturing and keratolytic properties make it essential in both scientific and clinical environments.

Basic Chemical Information

• Chemical Name: Trichloroacetic Acid

• Molecular Formula: CCl₃COOH

• Molecular Weight: 163.39 g/mol

• CAS Number: 76-03-9

• Appearance: White crystalline solid

• Solubility: Highly soluble in water, ethanol, and organic solvents

• Melting Point: Approximately 57–58 °C

• pKa: ~0.7 (significantly stronger than acetic acid)

Chemical Properties

• Strong carboxylic acid with three chlorine atoms increasing its acidity

• Acts as a protein coagulant and is widely used in biochemical applications

• Highly hygroscopic and deliquescent

• Incompatible with strong bases, reducing agents, and oxidizing materials

Key Applications

1. Biochemistry and Laboratory Use

• Commonly used to precipitate proteins, DNA, and RNA

• Effective in sample preparation and protein assays

• Utilized in histology for tissue fixation and staining

2. Medical and Cosmetic Uses

• Used in chemical peels for treating acne scars, hyperpigmentation, and fine lines

• Concentrations from 10% to 50% are applied depending on depth of peel

• Acts as a keratolytic agent to remove dead skin layers

• Must be applied by trained professionals due to potential for burns and scarring

3. Industrial and Chemical Synthesis

• Used as a reagent in organic synthesis, especially for chlorinated intermediates

• Employed in the manufacture of herbicides, dyes, and pharmaceuticals

Handling and Safety Information

• Corrosive to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes

• Use protective gloves, goggles, and lab coats during handling

• Ensure adequate ventilation or fume extraction during use

• Do not ingest or inhale; avoid skin contact

First Aid Measures:

• Skin/Eye Contact: Flush thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes; seek medical help

• Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if breathing difficulty occurs

• Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; get immediate medical assistance

Storage Guidelines

• Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas

• Keep container tightly closed and away from moisture and incompatible substances

• Store separately from alkalis and oxidizers

Environmental Impact

• Harmful to aquatic organisms; avoid release into waterways

• Dispose of according to local hazardous waste regulations

Conclusion

Trichloroacetic acid is a versatile chemical compound that plays a vital role in medical procedures, scientific research, and industrial synthesis. While its benefits are significant, its corrosive nature demands strict safety protocols and responsible handling. Professionals should always consult technical data sheets and regulatory guidance before use.

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